Diseases of the Reproductive System
Penile cancer is a growth that is found on the skin or in the tissue of a penis. Symptoms of this cancer include changing of the skin where certain areas become thicker and change colors, a lump/growth that is a bluish-brown color on the penis forms , having a sore that bleeds, having a rash that appears red, small crusty bumps form, and having fluid under the foreskin that has a foul odor. Some causes of this cancer are human papilloma virus (HPV), not having a circumcised penis, phimosis (inability to retract the foreskin), smegma (build up of dead skin cells between the foreskin and penis), smoking, age and AIDS. Diagnosis would be looking at your medical history and getting a physical exam, a biopsy, computed tomography, an MRI or and ultrasound. Treatments include surgery (Mohs surgery, cryosurgery, circumcision, penectomy and lymph node dissection), laser therapy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Ovarian cancer begins in the female sex organs that produce eggs (ovaries). Some symptoms of ovarian cancer are pain in the pelvis/ abdominal region, bloating, change in bowel fluid habits, lumps in the abdomen, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea and weight loss. The causes would be family history, age, high number of total lifetime ovulations (never having been pregnant, never having taken a contraceptive pill, early start of menstruation cycles, late start of menopause), infertility or fertility treatments, breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy and obesity. Diagnosis: blood test, ultrasound, laparscopy (surgery where a lighted tube goes through an incision in the belly), endoscopy (nonsurgical procedure to examine the digestive tract), colonoscopy, CT scan, MRI and testing cells of the uterus and cervix. Treatments would be chemotherapy, surgery and radio therapy.
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The prostate produces seminal fluid. Prostate cancer begins in the cells within the prostate. Symptoms of this cancer are pain during urination, excessive urination, erectile dysfunction and the leaking/ dribbling of urine occurs. Lab tests, imaging tests, blood and urine samples and prostate exams are required to find out if you have prostate cancer or not. Causes of this cancer are age, ethnic group (more common in African/ African-Caribbean men than Asian men), family history, obesity, exercise and diet. Treatments are chemotherapy, hormone therapy and depending on how far long the cancer is, zoledronic acid by rejection.
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Cervical cancer starts in the lining of the cervix. The symptoms are pain in the pelvis, irregular/ heavy menstration cycles, spotting, abnormal vaginal discharge/ bleeding, nausea, fatigue, irregular uterine bleeding and weight loss. Lab results, imaging and pelvic exams are required for diagnosis. The causes are HPV, having many sexual partners, smoking, birth control and engaging in early sexual contact. The treatments are radiation, chemotherapy, hysterectomy and removal of the of the pelvic lymph nodes.
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Testicular cancer is in the testicles. There is a lump in either testicle and a heavy feeling in the scrotum. Symptoms are pain the in lower back, fatigue, swelling of the scrotum, swollen lymph nodes and weight loss. There are no known causes of this cancer. It occurs when the healthy cells in the testicle become altered. To get this diagnosed you can get an ultrasound of the testicles, blood tests, imaging tests, CT scan, MRI or a PET scan. Treatments would be surgery to remove the testicle, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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